Marie Buchan, resident of Birmingham, England is a single mother of eight children, all under the age of 13. She has never had paid employment, though she says taking care of her children is a 21-hours-a-day job. In order to support her family, she collects £2,000 (about $3000) in benefits. A recent ruling regarding assistance will effectively reduce her income by £3,000 a year unless she works a minimum of 16 hours a week. The funds are intended to be diverted to work training programs. The self-proclaimed welfare-queen is now starting to seek employment, but is very critical of the cap.
Tuesday, September 15, 2015
sexy lady: 100 amazing facts about Africa (oldest humans on E...
sexy lady: 100 amazing facts about Africa (oldest humans on E...: 1. The human race is of African origin. The oldest known skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans (or homo sapiens sapiens) were exca...
Wednesday, July 22, 2015
sexy lady: Babies infanted with herpes rabbie refuse to stop ...
sexy lady: Babies infanted with herpes rabbie refuse to stop ...: Two more infants have contracted the herpes virus after undergoing an ultra-Orthodox Jewish type of circumcision, which has been linked to t...
Thursday, July 16, 2015
Did Young Thug and Birdman Try to Kill Lil Wayne?
The Atlanta rap star Young Thug has had an eventful week.
Yesterday morning, the emcee formerly known as Jeffrey Williams was arrested at a residence in the Atlanta suburb of Sandy Springs after he’d allegedly threatened to shoot a security guard in the face eight days earlier while at nearby Perimeter Mall. Officer Timothy Fecht of the Dunwoody Police Department said the charges stemmed from a July 7 “dispute that Mr. Williams had with Perimeter Mall security.” Thug apparently made the “terrorist threats” after he’d been asked to leave the mall.
Perhaps more disturbing than this mall incident, however, is the news that Young Thug and Cash Money CEO Bryan “Birdman” Williams are believed to have been involved in a RICO conspiracy to kill estranged Cash Money superstar (and part-owner) Lil Wayne back in April. Wayne’s tour bus was shot at after a show in Atlanta in April and WSB-TV reporter Mike Petchanik broke the story that an indictment alleges that Thug and Birdman conspired with a third man, suspect Jimmy Winfrey (aka “PeeWee Roscoe”) to put the hit on Weezy. Winfrey was arrested in connection with the shooting in May.
The indictment, filed in Cobb County, Georgia, in June, claims that all four parties allegedly involved—Lil Wayne, Young Thug, Birdman, and Winfrey—are members of the Bloods gang, and that Lil Wayne and Birdman “had a business dispute concerning Lil Wayne’s contract with Cash Money Records” leading to Wayne’s upcoming album Tha Carter V being held from release. Young Thug reportedly “sided with Birdman” in the dispute. Further, the indictment claims that “Young Thug made a threat against Lil Wayne and tour bus shooting suspect Jimmy Winfrey carried out the threat,” according to WSB-TV.
Winfrey, aka PeeWee Roscoe, is affiliated with Birdman’s rap collective Rich Gang—a group formed by Cash Money Records in 2013. And the indictment claims Winfrey was driving the white Chevy Camaro that fired shots at Wayne on April 26 after a police escort stopped following Wayne’s tour buses.
“[That’s when] the white sports car pulled beside the buses, shots were then fired into the buses from the sports car with a .40 caliber handgun and a 9mm handgun.”
“After Atlanta Police discontinued their escort, [Winfrey] and fellow Blood Gang members entered Interstate 285 from Atlanta Road in Cobb County in pursuit of the buses occupied by [Lil Wayne’s] group,” the indictment says. “[That’s when] the white sports car pulled beside the buses, shots were then fired into the buses from the sports car with a .40 caliber handgun and a 9mm handgun.”
The indictment further claims that Winfrey posted a photo of the aforementioned Camaro—which was later found at the home of a relative—on his Instagram account before attempting to delete the image post-shooting. No charges have been filed against either of the hip-hop stars, and Winfrey will be arraigned on Friday.
This new controversy paints the entire ugly situation at Cash Money Records in a much darker light.
Wayne blasted his label and mentor back in December and has been beefing with Cash Money ever since. The label, which Wayne’s been associated with since the age of 9 and helped build, is also the home to bestselling acts Drake and Nicki Minaj, whose careers were fostered by Wayne. But up until now, there weren’t any indicators that this thing could get extreme or violent. An Instagram video of Birdman supposedly throwing vodka at Wayne during the latter’s show at Club LIV in Miami is the closest it had come to any sort of physical altercation.
And how far would Young Thug be willing to go to prove his “loyalty” to a guy who has shown himself to be anything but loyal to his biggest star? Wayne has been a Cash Money artist since before he was in junior high school. If Birdman was willing to have him killed over a money dispute then Thug would have to be a moron to get involved in a plot that would jeopardize his career and his freedom and possibly his own life if things got out of control. Is Thug’s affiliation with Birdman—especially considering he’s not an official Cash Money artist—so all-encompassing that he’d be willing to jeopardize everything over a beef that he has no direct involvement in?
Young Thug’s emergence last year brought with it lots of scrutiny and speculation. His close connection with Birdman coinciding with Wayne’s rising animosity toward Cash Money led to fans wondering whether or not Birdman was using him to goad Wayne; his penchant for somewhat androgynous fashions and calling his male friends “bae” and “lover” in the notoriously macho world of mainstream hip-hop led to rumors regarding his sexuality. He and his fiancée have both addressed those rumors publicly, with his fiancée Jerrika Karlae stating to VladTV in May, “He's not gay. There's nothing gay about him. On his everyday life and living there’s nothing gay about Thug.”
Those two disparate factors converged in April when Wayne fired a diss at Young Thug while performing in Mississippi (“I want ya’ll to do me a favor and quit listening to songs of niggas that pose naked on they motherfuckin’ album cover”) that subtly jabbed at the younger rapper’s flamboyant image. And those sentiments were echoed a month later by Wayne’s buddy (and hip-hop uber-antagonist) Game. The Compton rapper also dissed Thug while performing, this time in Weezy’s hometown of New Orleans. “Anybody fuckin’ with Tune [Wayne] is fuckin’ with me,” Game yelled at that show. “I will fuck Young Thug up!”
Game and Young Thug spent the next few days trading threats via social media, with Young Thug going so far as to shoot an Instagram video threatening to harm Game—with an associate sitting behind him in the video brandishing a machine gun. After the jokes and the disses, Young Thug seems like a rapper with something to prove.
The Cash Money rapper and his mentor Birdman have been accused of conspiring to kill Lil Wayne back in April. And this comes on the heels of Thug getting arrested for “terrorist threats.”
Self-destructive rap stars are about as cliché as money-grubbing evangelists, and hip-hop’s history has no shortage of bad boys—from Flavor Flav and Ol’ Dirty Bastard to T.I. and DMX. But Thugger’s latest exploits suggest that either the guy is out of control or that he’s desperate to cultivate a gangsta image. It’s impossible for any outsider to know for certain if either is wholly true, but it’s likely that both assumptions hold some validity. He needs to remember what matters most to him—especially as he looks to build a family. And Young Thug needs to recognize that he could be a culture-changing artist if he had the inclination. A 22-year-old rapper who’s comfortable enough in his own skin to play loose and fast with ideas about gender would challenge a lot of the homophobia, transphobia, misogyny, and hyper-masculinity that pervades so much of hip-hop—which would be a welcome breath of fresh air for the genre—but Young Thug seems to be too insecure to forgo the chest-thumping antics that demand young black men prove how strong they are by showing how “gangsta” they can be. He’s referred to Wayne as his “idol” even amid the bad blood; it would be disappointing to discover that it was all a ruse as he and his buddy Birdman plotted a heinous act against another successful artist.
Hip-hop is supposed to be past this kind of foolishness. Beyond that, Young Thug needs to take a long, hard look at himself and decide who he wants to be. A rapper with as much going for him shouldn’t feel the need to prove anything to anyone. His future is bright and he doesn’t have to become a hip-hop cliché like the Guccis and the Beanies before him. Just because his name is “Young Thug” doesn’t mean he has to think like one.
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Wednesday, July 15, 2015
Babies infanted with herpes rabbie refuse to stop giving babies herpes
Two more infants have contracted the herpes virus after undergoing an ultra-Orthodox Jewish type of circumcision, which has been linked to the spread of the potentially deadly virus to newborn boys, according to the New York City Health Department.
In the ritual, known as metzitzah b'peh, after removing the foreskin of the penis the person performing the procedure places his mouth briefly over the wound, sucking a small amount of blood out, which is discarded. Antibacterial ointment is applied and the wound is bandaged. The health department says the procedure is dangerous because the contact with the mouth could transmit diseases such as herpes.
Most adults are infected with the herpes simplex virus type 1, and while they may have no symptoms, the virus may be present in their saliva, according to the health department. (It is different from herpes simplex virus type 2, which is usually transmitted sexually.)
"While HSV-1 in adults can cause the common cold sore, HSV-1 infection in newborns is very serious," a department statement says.
Since 2000, there have been 13 reports in New York City of infants contracting HSV-1, two of whom died from the virus. The health department reported that an estimated 20,493 infants in New York City were exposed to the practice in that period.
2012: Circumcision rite needs consent
2012: Circumcision rite needs consent 01:15
In the most recent case, the infant developed a fever seven days after circumcision and vesicular lesions the following day, according to a press release from the city health department. Seventy percent of neonatal herpes cases show lesions and only 40% produce a fever.
The DOH passed a regulation in September requiring all those who perform the ritual to get parental consent on a form stating that the procedure can lead to health risks. Several Jewish groups and three rabbis filed a lawsuit in federal District Court in Manhattan arguing that "the government cannot compel the transmission of messages that the speaker does not want to express -- especially when the speaker is operating in an area of heightened First Amendment protection, such as a religious ritual."
Dr. Thomas A. Farley, commissioner of the city's health department, claimed the consent requirement was "lawful, appropriate and necessary" in a September press release. "The city's highest obligation is to protect its children; therefore, it is important that parents know the risks associated with the practice," he said.
Baby boys whose circumcisions likely involved the ritual between April 2006 and December 2011 had an estimated risk of contracting neonatal HSV-1 infection of 24.4 per 100,000 cases, 3.4 times greater than other infants, according to the health department.
"There is no safe way to perform oral suction on any open wound in a newborn," Farley said.
While Jews regularly practice circumcision as part of their religion, metzitzah b'peh is limited to a relatively small number of ultra-Orthodox Jews.
Monday, July 13, 2015
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Saturday, July 11, 2015
Man chock by police with flashlight
Officials from the Mississippi Bureau of Investigation are examining the death of an unarmed Black man who died during an altercation with a White police officer.
The Stonewall officer, Kevin Harrington, is accused pulling the Clarke County man, Jonathan Sanders, off his horse and choking him with a flashlight, the victim’s lawyer told WAPT News. The police officer reportedly continued to exert force even as Sanders, 39, said “I can’t breathe,” attorney J Stewart Parrish said. Sanders died on Wednesday, just a week and two days shy of the year anniversary of Eric Garner’s death.
Garner, a Staten Island father of six, died after being held in an illegal chokehold by NYPD officers on July 17, 2014.
According to Parrish, Sanders suffered from “some kind of asphyxiation,” the Guardian writes. Results from an official autopsy have not been released; a detail Stonewall police chief Michael Street says is needed to confirm Parrish’s accusations. Street denied the allegations, telling the Guardian that Sanders “voluntarily stepped down from a horse-drawn buggy.”
“We won’t know until the autopsy is over what was the actual cause of death,” said Street. “But there was no flashlight used to choke anybody – that’s false. And there were no shots fired by either man, there were no weapons at all, and he was not dragged off a horse.”
Parrish described the chief’s denial as “a difference without a distinction” because Sanders “was choked to death”, according to the relatives. “Towards the end of the incident, he was telling the officer ‘Let me go, I can’t breathe,” Parrish said they had recalled.
The attorney, who is a former law enforcement officer, said Harrington appeared to have used excessive force. “Officers typically have Tasers, they have pepper spray – there are lots of different non-lethal ways to subdue somebody,” he said. “And one way, of course, is to walk away and come back with more officers.”
It is unknown why Harrington stopped Sanders, although Street told the Guardian that Sanders’ horse carriage had no lighting. “At 10.30 at night that’s … well I can’t discuss that further,” he told the site. Family members, however, said the carriage did have lights.
Witnesses said the officer first stopped a man in a car who had just driven up beside Sanders’s buggy, according to Parrish. He then let this man go and pursued Sanders instead. “He was asking ‘Why do you stop me? What are you hassling me for?,'” Parrish said the witnesses had recounted. “He pulled him off the buggy, and they went to the ground, and it went from there.” The police chief said Sanders had no active warrants against him and that Harrington did not know who he was when the confrontation took place.
Because the investigation is ongoing, officials are mum about the details surrounding the arrest, but it is known that the officer involved and a medic gave Sanders CPR after the altercation. Sanders, who died at the scene, was then taken to the hospital in an ambulance. Parrish, who was representing the victim already for a charge he caught for possession of drugs earlier this year, said the 39-year-old was “relatively fit and healthy,” before the incident.
An investigation continues. Harrington was given a drug test and placed on administrative leave.
Sanders leaves two children behind, including a one-year-old child.
Tuesday, July 7, 2015
13-Year-Old CEO Builds $200K Bow Tie Business
When it comes to chasing dreams, or achieving success the world loves to say “it’s never too late.” This 13-year-old entrepreneur serves as an example that ‘it’s never too early either.’
They say beauty is in the eye of the beholder, but wealth is something that can be measured and numbers don’t lie. With $200,000 in sales and five employees on payroll Moziah Bridges is living the American Dream, but it seems that the skies the limit.
Four years ago Bridges decided to start his own bow tie company, Mo’s Bows, at the age of nine. Appearing on CNBC last year (2014) he’d tell them that he loved dressing up, but could never find the right bow ties. In order to fix the problem, his grandmother taught him how to sew, and the rest is history..
Originating from Memphis, the young entrepreneur has been featured on Shark Tank, Vogue,GQ, and Oprah Winfrey’s O magazines. Most people will recognize him for his recent job as an NBA fashion analysis for draftees during the latest NBA DRAFT.
How does a young kid run such a successful business and go to school you may ask. “_Since I’m the CEO I can do it when I feel like it,” he says. “I have employees — my grandmother she’s about like 80, and my mom works for me, and I have three more seamstresses.”
The bow ties retail for $50, and are already available at 15 stores across six states. He says that his goal is to have his own fashion line by the age of 20, and from the looks of it he is on the right track.
Last September, “Shark Tank” investor Daymond John flew his mentee Moziah Bridges, the then 12-year-old founder and CEO of bow tie company Mo’s Bows, to New York City for Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week.
Besides taking him to events and making introductions to power players in the industry, John accompanied Bridges on a morning taping of CNBC’s “Squawk Box.”
Later that day, John got a call from Karen Katz, CEO and president of the Neiman Marcus Group.
He assumed the call was for him, he tells Business Insider, but it was for Bridges.
“I’ve never been in Neiman Marcus with any of my brands, and it takes the 12-year-old child to get Neiman Marcus to call me!” John says, laughing. “So that’s the student teaching the teacher, you know?”
Black Boys Rock! 13-Year-Old CEO Builds $200K Bow Tie Business After Appearing On Shark Tank
Posted March 27, 2015 by Bossip Staff
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13 Year Old Builds Successful Bow Tie Business With Help Of Shark Tank
Yesterday, we featured a brilliant little girl who built a deliciously successful lemonade business with the help of ABC’s hit show Shark Tank.
Today, we feature another young entrepreneur who managed to take his love for high fashion men’s accessories to a money making bow tie brand!
Via Entrepreneur reports:
Last September, “Shark Tank” investor Daymond John flew his mentee Moziah Bridges, the then 12-year-old founder and CEO of bow tie company Mo’s Bows, to New York City for Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week.
Besides taking him to events and making introductions to power players in the industry, John accompanied Bridges on a morning taping of CNBC’s “Squawk Box.”
Later that day, John got a call from Karen Katz, CEO and president of the Neiman Marcus Group.
He assumed the call was for him, he tells Business Insider, but it was for Bridges.
“I’ve never been in Neiman Marcus with any of my brands, and it takes the 12-year-old child to get Neiman Marcus to call me!” John says, laughing. “So that’s the student teaching the teacher, you know?”
MOBOWS
Today, the precocious CEO is 13. With the help of his mother Tramica Morris (“Mo is the CEO of the company, but I’m the CEO of Mo,” she says), he’s sold about $200,000 of his handmade bow ties and other men’s fashion accessories. He has seven employees — including his mom and grandmother.
John became Bridges’ mentor in 2013 after he and his mom appeared on “Shark Tank” in its fifth season. The mother-son entrepreneur duo from Memphis sought $50,000 in exchange for 20% equity in the company.
Bridges had the idea for Mo’s Bows when he was just 9 years old. His grandmother, a retired seamstress, taught him early on the importance of dressing sharp. He asked her to teach him how to sew, and soon he was making bow ties and selling them online and to several stores in the South.
By the time he taped the “Shark Tank” segment, he’d sold 2,000 bow ties he made by hand with his grandmother, bringing in $55,000 in revenue. Kevin O’Leary offered a deal for the $50,000 in exchange for a $3 royalty per tie sold, which Mark Cuban and John advised Bridges not to take.
Monday, July 6, 2015
European DNA vs San people DNA (South Africa)
Africa people are the first humans on Earth , that is the reasonwhy Africa is called the motherland. The following information is proving facts about Europe DNA and Africas DNA.
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Everyone living outside of Africa today has a small amount of Neanderthal in them, carried as a living relic of these ancient encounters. A team of scientists comparing the full genomes of the two species concluded that most Europeans and Asians have between 1 to 4 percent Neanderthal DNA. Indigenous sub-Saharan Africans have no Neanderthal DNA because their ancestors did not migrate through Eurasia.
On one level, it’s not surprising that modern humans were able to interbreed with their close cousins. According to one theory, Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans are all descended from the ancient human Homo heidelbergensis. Between 300,000 to 400,000 years ago, an ancestral group of H. heidelbergensis left Africa and then split shortly after. One branch ventured northwestward into West Asia and Europe and became the Neanderthals. The other branch moved east, becoming Denisovans. By 130,000 years ago H. heidelbergensis in Africa had become Homo sapiens. Our modern human ancestors did not begin their own exodus from Africa until about 60,000 years ago, when they expanded into Eurasia and encountered their ancient cousins.
another could help explain one of the great mysteries in anthropology: Why did the Neanderthals disappear? After first venturing out of Africa, Neanderthals thrived in Europe for several hundred thousand years. But they mysteriously died out about 30,000 years ago, roughly around the same time that modern humans arrived in Europe.
Some scientists have suggested modern humans outcompeted or outright killed the Neanderthals. But the new genetic evidence provides support for another theory: Perhaps our ancestors made love, not war, with their European cousins, and the Neanderthal lineage disappeared because it was absorbed into the much larger human population.
Even though Neanderthals and Denisovans are both extinct, modern humanity may owe them a debt of gratitude. A 2011 study by Stanford University researchers concluded that many of us carry ancient variants of immune system genes involved in destroying pathogens that arose after we left Africa. One possibility is that these gene variants came from other archaic humans.
SAN PEOPLE (SOUTH AFRICAS) OLDEST PEOPLE ON EARTH
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The San people of southern Africa, who have lived as hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, are likely to be the oldest population of humans on Earth, according to the biggest and most detailed analysis of African DNA. The San, also known as bushmen, are directly descended from the original population of early human ancestors who gave rise to all other groups of Africans and, eventually, to the people who left the continent to populate other parts of the world.
A study of 121 distinct populations of modern-day Africans has found that they are all descended from 14 ancestral populations and that the differences and similarities of their genes closely follows the differences and similarities of their spoken languages.
The scientists analysed the genetic variation within the DNA of more than 3,000 Africans and found that the San were among the most genetically diverse group, indicating that they are probably the oldest continuous population of humans on the continent – and on Earth.
Everyone living outside of Africa today has a small amount of Neanderthal in them, carried as a living relic of these ancient encounters. A team of scientists comparing the full genomes of the two species concluded that most Europeans and Asians have between 1 to 4 percent Neanderthal DNA. Indigenous sub-Saharan Africans have no Neanderthal DNA because their ancestors did not migrate through Eurasia.
On one level, it’s not surprising that modern humans were able to interbreed with their close cousins. According to one theory, Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans are all descended from the ancient human Homo heidelbergensis. Between 300,000 to 400,000 years ago, an ancestral group of H. heidelbergensis left Africa and then split shortly after. One branch ventured northwestward into West Asia and Europe and became the Neanderthals. The other branch moved east, becoming Denisovans. By 130,000 years ago H. heidelbergensis in Africa had become Homo sapiens. Our modern human ancestors did not begin their own exodus from Africa until about 60,000 years ago, when they expanded into Eurasia and encountered their ancient cousins.
another could help explain one of the great mysteries in anthropology: Why did the Neanderthals disappear? After first venturing out of Africa, Neanderthals thrived in Europe for several hundred thousand years. But they mysteriously died out about 30,000 years ago, roughly around the same time that modern humans arrived in Europe.
Some scientists have suggested modern humans outcompeted or outright killed the Neanderthals. But the new genetic evidence provides support for another theory: Perhaps our ancestors made love, not war, with their European cousins, and the Neanderthal lineage disappeared because it was absorbed into the much larger human population.
Even though Neanderthals and Denisovans are both extinct, modern humanity may owe them a debt of gratitude. A 2011 study by Stanford University researchers concluded that many of us carry ancient variants of immune system genes involved in destroying pathogens that arose after we left Africa. One possibility is that these gene variants came from other archaic humans.
SAN PEOPLE (SOUTH AFRICAS) OLDEST PEOPLE ON EARTH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The San people of southern Africa, who have lived as hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, are likely to be the oldest population of humans on Earth, according to the biggest and most detailed analysis of African DNA. The San, also known as bushmen, are directly descended from the original population of early human ancestors who gave rise to all other groups of Africans and, eventually, to the people who left the continent to populate other parts of the world.
A study of 121 distinct populations of modern-day Africans has found that they are all descended from 14 ancestral populations and that the differences and similarities of their genes closely follows the differences and similarities of their spoken languages.
The scientists analysed the genetic variation within the DNA of more than 3,000 Africans and found that the San were among the most genetically diverse group, indicating that they are probably the oldest continuous population of humans on the continent – and on Earth.
People born with tails(pictures)
First I would like to
The Honorable Elijah Muhammad says that the white man went down into the caves of Europe and he lived there for two thousand years on all fours. Within one thousand years after he had gotten there he was on all fours, couldn\'t stand upright. You watch an old ******* today. ******** don\'t walk upright like black people do. Every time you look at them, they\'re about to go down on all fours. But those who have had some education, they straighten up a little bit because they\'re taught how to straighten up. But a black man can be the most dumb, illiterate thing you can find anywhere, and he still walks like a million dollars because by nature he\'s upright, by nature he stands up. But a white man has to be stood up. You have to put a white man on the square. But the black is born on the square.
Can we prove it? Yes. You notice in the East, dark people carry things on their heads, don\'t they? Just throw it up there and walk with it, showing you they have perfect poise, perfect balance. It just comes natural to them. You and I lost our poise. We, you, can\'t even wear a hat on your head, hardly, today [chuckle]. The Honorable Elijah Muhammad says that within one thousand years after the white people were up in the caves they were on all fours. And they were living in the outdoors where it\'s cold, just as cold over there as it is outside right now. They didn\'t have clothes. So by being out there in the cold their hair got longer and longer. Hair grew all over their bodies. By being on all fours, the end of their spine begin to grow. They grew a little tail that came out from the end of their spine...Oh yes, this was the white man, brother, up in the caves of Europe. He had a tail that long. You ever notice that anything that walks on all fours has a tail? That which straightens up doesn\'t have a tail, because when you get down, you see, you just make that spine come right on out. And just like a dog, he was crawling around up there. He was hairy as a dog. He had a tail like a dog. He had a smell like a dog. And nothing could get along with him but another dog. The Honorable Elijah Muhammad says that all the beasts up in Europe wanted to kill the white man. Yeah, they tried to kill the white man. They were after the white man. They hated the white man. So, he says, what the white man would do, he\'d dig a hole in the hill, that was his cave. And his mother and his daughter and his wife would all be in there with the dog. The only thing that made friends with the white man was the dog. Everything else hated him. He\'d sit outside of the cave at night in a tree with rocks in his hand, and if any beast came up and tried to get in the cave at his family, he\'d throw rocks at it, or he\'d have a club that he\'d swing down and try to drive it away with it. But the dog stayed in the cave with his family. It was then that the dog and the white man amalgamated. The white woman went with the dog while they were living in the caves of Europe. And right to this very day the white woman will tell you there is nothing she loves better than a dog. They tell you that a dog is a man\'s best friend. They lived in that cave with those dogs and right now they got that dog smell. They got that dog...they are dog lovers. A dog can get in a white man\'s house and eat at his table, lick out of his plate. They\'ll kiss the dog right on the nose and think nothing of it. You\'re not a dog kisser. You don\'t see black people kissing or rubbing noses with dogs. But little white children will hug dogs and kiss dogs and eat with dogs. Am i right or wrong? You -all have been inside their kitchens cooling their food, and making their beds, you know how they live. The dog will live right in the white man\'s house, better than you can; you try and break your way in there and they\'ll put a rope around your neck [chuckle], but the dog has got free run of the whole house. He\'s the white man\'s best friend
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Europeans may be closer to their Neanderthal cousins than previously thought, new
research suggests.
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Breeding with Neanderthals has long been known to have left its traces in the DNA of modern Europeans.
Scientists in Edinburgh have now confirmed that the genetic similarity between the two must have arisen after interbreeding in Europe and Asia, before our ancestors spread across the globe.
Scientists at Edinburgh University have shown that the genetic similarity between Neanderthals and non-African modern human populations must have arisen after interbreeding in Europe and Asia
Scientists at Edinburgh University have shown that the genetic similarity between Neanderthals and non-African modern human populations must have arisen after interbreeding in Europe and Asia
Previous research speculated that modern Europeans and Asians are related to neanderthals because they originated from a similar sub-population in Africa.
Both groups evolved from a common ancestor in Africa before spreading to other parts of the world.
The two groups emerged at different times with neanderthals leaving the African continent more than 200,000 years before humans did.
Now scientists at the University of Edinburgh and Wageningen University found the species mated in Europe and Asia thousands of years ago.
The research involved dividing up the genetic code of each sub-species to calculate the statistical likelihood of distant or recent interbreeding.
They traced the biological ties that exist between humans and the ancient species which are believed to have died out around 30,000 years ago.
The research found that the two per cent of neanderthal DNA which exists in people today came from the mating outside of Africa.
As well as revealing details of the shared history of humans and neanderthals, their research could be used to reconstruct the history of any species, including rare or extinct ones.
Dr Konrad Lohse, one of the scientists from the University of Edinburgh, said: \'Although there has been mounting evidence for genetic exchange between modern humans and Neanderthals in Eurasia from a number of recent genetic studies, it has been difficult to rule out ancestral structure in Africa. We hope our study settles this issue.\'
Last week, scientists said that modern Europeans share a number of genes involved in the build-up of certain types of fat with Neanderthals.
The same genes were not seen in people from Asia and Africa, however.
It is thought that ancient genes might have helped Europeans adapt better to colder climates, giving them an evolutionary advantage.
This is the first time we have seen differences in lipid concentrations between populations,� said evolutionary biologist Philipp Khaitovich the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany and the CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology in Shanghai, China.
�How our brains are built differently of lipids might be due to Neanderthal DNA.�
Scientists believe that modern Europeans (skeleton pictured right), share a number of genes involved in the build-up of certain types of fat with Neanderthals (skeleton pictured left) +2
Scientists believe that modern Europeans (skeleton pictured right), share a number of genes involved in the build-up of certain types of fat with Neanderthals (skeleton pictured left)
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Europeans may be closer to their Neanderthal cousins than previously thought, new
research suggests.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Breeding with Neanderthals has long been known to have left its traces in the DNA of modern Europeans.
Scientists in Edinburgh have now confirmed that the genetic similarity between the two must have arisen after interbreeding in Europe and Asia, before our ancestors spread across the globe.
Scientists at Edinburgh University have shown that the genetic similarity between Neanderthals and non-African modern human populations must have arisen after interbreeding in Europe and Asia
Scientists at Edinburgh University have shown that the genetic similarity between Neanderthals and non-African modern human populations must have arisen after interbreeding in Europe and Asia
Previous research speculated that modern Europeans and Asians are related to neanderthals because they originated from a similar sub-population in Africa.
Both groups evolved from a common ancestor in Africa before spreading to other parts of the world.
The two groups emerged at different times with neanderthals leaving the African continent more than 200,000 years before humans did.
Now scientists at the University of Edinburgh and Wageningen University found the species mated in Europe and Asia thousands of years ago.
The research involved dividing up the genetic code of each sub-species to calculate the statistical likelihood of distant or recent interbreeding.
They traced the biological ties that exist between humans and the ancient species which are believed to have died out around 30,000 years ago.
The research found that the two per cent of neanderthal DNA which exists in people today came from the mating outside of Africa.
As well as revealing details of the shared history of humans and neanderthals, their research could be used to reconstruct the history of any species, including rare or extinct ones.
Dr Konrad Lohse, one of the scientists from the University of Edinburgh, said: \'Although there has been mounting evidence for genetic exchange between modern humans and Neanderthals in Eurasia from a number of recent genetic studies, it has been difficult to rule out ancestral structure in Africa. We hope our study settles this issue.\'
Last week, scientists said that modern Europeans share a number of genes involved in the build-up of certain types of fat with Neanderthals.
The same genes were not seen in people from Asia and Africa, however.
It is thought that ancient genes might have helped Europeans adapt better to colder climates, giving them an evolutionary advantage.
This is the first time we have seen differences in lipid concentrations between populations,� said evolutionary biologist Philipp Khaitovich the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany and the CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology in Shanghai, China.
�How our brains are built differently of lipids might be due to Neanderthal DNA.�
Scientists believe that modern Europeans (skeleton pictured right), share a number of genes involved in the build-up of certain types of fat with Neanderthals (skeleton pictured left) +2
Scientists believe that modern Europeans (skeleton pictured right), share a number of genes involved in the build-up of certain types of fat with Neanderthals (skeleton pictured left)
Possible candidates for the 2016 elections
United States presidential election, 2016
United States
2012 ←
November 8, 2016
→ 2020
538 electoral votes of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Electoral College 2016.svg
The electoral map for the 2016 election, based on populations from the 2010 census
Incumbent President
Barack Obama
Democratic
The United States presidential election of 2016 is expected to be held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. It will be the 58th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. Voters in the election will select presidential electors who in turn will elect a new President and Vice President of the United States. Theincumbent president, Barack Obama, is ineligible to be elected to a third term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Background
Declared and potential candidates
Democratic Party
Main articles: Democratic Party (United States),Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016and Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
Declared
Individuals included in this section have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy for the presidential nomination the Democratic Party; filed as a Democratic presidential candidate with the Federal Election Commission(FEC) (for other than exploratory purposes). Candidates are listed alphabetically by surname.
Candidates featured in major polls
The candidates included in this section have been listed in five or more major independent nationwide polls.
Lincoln Chafee (campaign), Governor of Rhode Island 2011–2015; U.S. Senator from Rhode Island 1999–2007[9][10]
Hillary Clinton (campaign), U.S. Secretary of State 2009–2013; U.S. Senator from New York 2001–2009; presidential candidate in 2008; First Lady of the United States 1993–2001[11][12][13]
Martin O'Malley (campaign), Governor of Maryland 2007–2015; Mayor ofBaltimore 1999–2007[14][15]
Bernie Sanders (campaign), U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007; U.S. Representative 1991–2007; Mayor ofBurlington 1981–1989[16][17]
Former Governor
Lincoln Chafee
of Rhode Island
(campaign)
Former Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton
of New York
(campaign)
Former Governor
Martin O'Malley
of Maryland
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Bernie Sanders
of Vermont
(campaign)
Other candidates
The following notable individuals have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy; filed as a candidate with FEC.
Jeff Boss, 9/11 Truther and perennial candidate from New Jersey[18][19]
Robby Wells, Reform Party andConstitution Party presidential candidate in 2012 from North Carolina[20][21][22]
Willie Wilson, businessman and 2015 Chicago mayoral candidate from Illinois[23][24]
Potential candidates
The individuals listed below have been identified by reliable media sources as potential Democratic candidates for president in 2016. The individual listed under "Formally exploring a candidacy" has formed an exploratory committee to build the groundwork for a possible presidential campaign. As of July 2015, one notable potential candidate has expressed an interest in running for President but has not taken any formal actions.
Formally exploring a candidacy
Jim Webb, U.S. Senator from Virginia2007–2013; U.S. Secretary of the Navy1987–1988; formed an exploratory committee[25][26][27]
Publicly expressed interest
Joe Biden, Vice President of the United States since 2009; U.S. Senatorfrom Delaware 1973–2009; presidential candidate in 1988 and 2008[28][29][30]
Republican Party
Main articles: Republican Party (United States),Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016and Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
Declared
Individuals included in this section have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy for the presidential nomination of the Republican Party; filed as a Republican presidential candidate with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) (for other than exploratory purposes). Candidates are listed alphabetically by surname.
Candidates featured in major polls
Candidates included in this section have been listed in five or more major independent nationwide polls.
Jeb Bush (campaign), Governor of Florida 1999–2007; Florida Secretary of Commerce 1987–1988[31]
Ben Carson (campaign), former Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery forJohns Hopkins Hospital[32][33][34]
Chris Christie (campaign), Governor of New Jersey since 2010; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey 2002-2008[35]
Ted Cruz (campaign), U.S. Senator from Texas since 2013; Solicitor General of Texas 2003–2008[36][37][38]
Carly Fiorina (campaign), formerHewlett-Packard CEO 1999–2005; California Senate nominee in 2010[39][40]
Lindsey Graham (campaign), U.S. Senator from South Carolina since 2003; U.S. Representative from South Carolina 1995–2003[41][42]
Mike Huckabee (campaign), presidential candidate in 2008,Governor of Arkansas 1996–2007; Chairman of the National Governors Association 2005-2006; Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas 1993-1996[43][44]
Bobby Jindal (campaign), Governor of Louisiana since 2008; U.S. Representative from Louisiana 2005–2008[45][46]
George Pataki (campaign), Governor of New York 1995–2006[47][48]
Rand Paul (campaign), U.S. Senator from Kentucky since 2011[49][50][51]
Rick Perry (campaign), Governor ofTexas 2000–2015, presidential candidate in 2012, Lieutenant Governor1999–2000, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1991–1999[52][53]
Marco Rubio (campaign), U.S. Senator from Florida since 2011;Speaker of the Florida House 2007–2009[54][55][56]
Rick Santorum (campaign), U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania 1995–2007; U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania 1991–1995; presidential candidate in2012[57][58]
Donald Trump (campaign), business magnate; Chairman of The Trump Organization since 1971[59][60][61]
Former Governor
Jeb Bush
of Florida
(campaign)
Neurosurgeon
Ben Carson
of Maryland
(campaign)
Governor
Chris Christie
of New Jersey
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Ted Cruz
of Texas
(campaign)
Businesswoman
Carly Fiorina
of California
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Lindsey Graham
of South Carolina
(campaign)
Former Governor
Mike Huckabee
of Arkansas
(campaign)
Governor
Bobby Jindal
of Louisiana
(campaign)
Former Governor
George Pataki
of New York
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Rand Paul
of Kentucky
(campaign)
Former Governor
Rick Perry
of Texas
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Marco Rubio
of Florida
(campaign)
Former U.S. Senator
Rick Santorum
of Pennsylvania
(campaign)
Businessman
Donald Trump
of New York
(campaign)
Other candidates
The following notable individuals have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy; filed as a candidate with FEC.
Mark Everson, former Commissioner of Internal Revenue, former President of the American Red Cross fromMississippi[62][63][64]
Jack Fellure, retired engineer fromWest Virginia; 2012 Prohibition Partypresidential nominee[65]
Potential candidates
The individuals listed below have been identified by reliable media sources as potential candidates for president in 2016. The individual listed under "Announcement impending" plans to announce his intention to seek the presidency. The individual listed under "Formally exploring a candidacy" has formed a 527 organization to build the groundwork for a possible presidential campaign. As of July 2015, a number of notable potential candidates have each expressed an interest in running for President but have not taken any formal actions.
Announcement impending
John Kasich, Governor of Ohio since 2011; U.S. Representative from Ohio 1983–2001; formed a 527 organization; announcement expected on July 21[66][67]
Formally exploring a candidacy
Scott Walker, Governor of Wisconsinsince 2011; announcement may come the week of July 13; no firm date set[68][69][70]
Publicly expressed interest
Bob Ehrlich, Governor of Maryland2003–2007; U.S. Representative from Maryland 1995–2003[71][72]
Jim Gilmore, Governor of Virginia1998–2002; Chairman of theRepublican National Committee 2001–2002; presidential candidate in2008[73][74]
Peter King, U.S. Representative from New York since 1993[75][76]
Independent and third party candidates
Main article: United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2016
Declared
Individuals included in this section have taken one or more of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy for the presidential nomination of a minor party; formally announced intention to run as anindependent candidate; filed as a minor party or non-affiliated candidate with the FEC (for other than exploratory purposes). Candidates are listed alphabetically by surname.
Declared - independent candidates or candidates without a specified affiliation
Dan Bilzerian, Internet personality[77][78]
Terry Jones, pastor for Dove World Outreach Center from Florida; presidential candidate in 2012,[79][80]
Juaquin James Malphurs (Waka Flocka Flame), rap artist fromGeorgia[81] (Constitutionally ineligible – under age 35)
Vermin Supreme, performance artistand perennial candidate fromMassachusetts[82][83]
Declared - Green Party
Jill Stein, physician and 2012 Green Party presidential nominee fromMassachusetts[84]
Declared - Libertarian Party
Robert David Steele, activist and author[85][86]
Declared - Peace and Freedom Party
Roseanne Barr, entertainer fromHawaii[87]
Declared - Transhumanist Party
Zoltan Istvan, futurist, writer,transhumanist philosopher fromCalifornia; founder of theTranshumanist Party[88][89][90]
Potential candidates
The individuals listed below have been identified by reliable media sources as potential candidates for president in 2016. The individual listed under "Formally exploring a candidacy" has formed an exploratory committee to build the groundwork for a possible presidential campaign. As of July 2015, a number of notable potential candidates have each expressed an interest in running for President but have not taken any formal actions. One notable potential candidates has not publicly expressed interest in running but nevertheless has received media speculation.
Formally exploring a candidacy - Green Party
Darryl Cherney, musician and environmental activist from California; formed an exploratory committee[91][92]
Publicly expressed interest - Green Party
Rosa Clemente, activist, journalist, and 2008 Green Party vice presidential nominee from New York.[93][94]
Publicly expressed interest - Libertarian Party
Gary Johnson, Governor of New Mexico 1995–2003; presidential nominee in 2012[95]
Jesse Ventura, Governor of Minnesota 1999–2003[95][96]
Other potential candidate - Constitution Party
Steve Stockman, U.S. Representative from Texas 1995–1997, 2013–2015; candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014[97][98]
Third party ballot access
The following third parties have each achieved guaranteed ballot access for its nominee in a number of states.
Constitution Party
Main article: Constitution Party (United States)
Ballot Access: Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming – (115 Electoral Votes)[99]
Green Party
Main article: Green Party of the United States
Ballot Access: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Washington D.C., Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin – (296 Electoral Votes)[99][100]
Libertarian Party
Main article: Libertarian Party (United States)
Ballot Access: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming (366 electoral votes)[99]
Potential battleground states
Party conventions
Debates
Polling
See also
References
External links
Read in another language
Wikipedia<sup>®</sup>®
Mobile
Desktop
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0unless otherwise noted.
Terms of Use
Privacy
United States
2012 ←
November 8, 2016
→ 2020
538 electoral votes of the Electoral College
270 electoral votes needed to win
Electoral College 2016.svg
The electoral map for the 2016 election, based on populations from the 2010 census
Incumbent President
Barack Obama
Democratic
The United States presidential election of 2016 is expected to be held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. It will be the 58th quadrennial U.S. presidential election. Voters in the election will select presidential electors who in turn will elect a new President and Vice President of the United States. Theincumbent president, Barack Obama, is ineligible to be elected to a third term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Background
Declared and potential candidates
Democratic Party
Main articles: Democratic Party (United States),Democratic Party presidential candidates, 2016and Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
Declared
Individuals included in this section have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy for the presidential nomination the Democratic Party; filed as a Democratic presidential candidate with the Federal Election Commission(FEC) (for other than exploratory purposes). Candidates are listed alphabetically by surname.
Candidates featured in major polls
The candidates included in this section have been listed in five or more major independent nationwide polls.
Lincoln Chafee (campaign), Governor of Rhode Island 2011–2015; U.S. Senator from Rhode Island 1999–2007[9][10]
Hillary Clinton (campaign), U.S. Secretary of State 2009–2013; U.S. Senator from New York 2001–2009; presidential candidate in 2008; First Lady of the United States 1993–2001[11][12][13]
Martin O'Malley (campaign), Governor of Maryland 2007–2015; Mayor ofBaltimore 1999–2007[14][15]
Bernie Sanders (campaign), U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2007; U.S. Representative 1991–2007; Mayor ofBurlington 1981–1989[16][17]
Former Governor
Lincoln Chafee
of Rhode Island
(campaign)
Former Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton
of New York
(campaign)
Former Governor
Martin O'Malley
of Maryland
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Bernie Sanders
of Vermont
(campaign)
Other candidates
The following notable individuals have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy; filed as a candidate with FEC.
Jeff Boss, 9/11 Truther and perennial candidate from New Jersey[18][19]
Robby Wells, Reform Party andConstitution Party presidential candidate in 2012 from North Carolina[20][21][22]
Willie Wilson, businessman and 2015 Chicago mayoral candidate from Illinois[23][24]
Potential candidates
The individuals listed below have been identified by reliable media sources as potential Democratic candidates for president in 2016. The individual listed under "Formally exploring a candidacy" has formed an exploratory committee to build the groundwork for a possible presidential campaign. As of July 2015, one notable potential candidate has expressed an interest in running for President but has not taken any formal actions.
Formally exploring a candidacy
Jim Webb, U.S. Senator from Virginia2007–2013; U.S. Secretary of the Navy1987–1988; formed an exploratory committee[25][26][27]
Publicly expressed interest
Joe Biden, Vice President of the United States since 2009; U.S. Senatorfrom Delaware 1973–2009; presidential candidate in 1988 and 2008[28][29][30]
Republican Party
Main articles: Republican Party (United States),Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016and Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
Declared
Individuals included in this section have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy for the presidential nomination of the Republican Party; filed as a Republican presidential candidate with the Federal Election Commission (FEC) (for other than exploratory purposes). Candidates are listed alphabetically by surname.
Candidates featured in major polls
Candidates included in this section have been listed in five or more major independent nationwide polls.
Jeb Bush (campaign), Governor of Florida 1999–2007; Florida Secretary of Commerce 1987–1988[31]
Ben Carson (campaign), former Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery forJohns Hopkins Hospital[32][33][34]
Chris Christie (campaign), Governor of New Jersey since 2010; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey 2002-2008[35]
Ted Cruz (campaign), U.S. Senator from Texas since 2013; Solicitor General of Texas 2003–2008[36][37][38]
Carly Fiorina (campaign), formerHewlett-Packard CEO 1999–2005; California Senate nominee in 2010[39][40]
Lindsey Graham (campaign), U.S. Senator from South Carolina since 2003; U.S. Representative from South Carolina 1995–2003[41][42]
Mike Huckabee (campaign), presidential candidate in 2008,Governor of Arkansas 1996–2007; Chairman of the National Governors Association 2005-2006; Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas 1993-1996[43][44]
Bobby Jindal (campaign), Governor of Louisiana since 2008; U.S. Representative from Louisiana 2005–2008[45][46]
George Pataki (campaign), Governor of New York 1995–2006[47][48]
Rand Paul (campaign), U.S. Senator from Kentucky since 2011[49][50][51]
Rick Perry (campaign), Governor ofTexas 2000–2015, presidential candidate in 2012, Lieutenant Governor1999–2000, Commissioner of Agriculture, 1991–1999[52][53]
Marco Rubio (campaign), U.S. Senator from Florida since 2011;Speaker of the Florida House 2007–2009[54][55][56]
Rick Santorum (campaign), U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania 1995–2007; U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania 1991–1995; presidential candidate in2012[57][58]
Donald Trump (campaign), business magnate; Chairman of The Trump Organization since 1971[59][60][61]
Former Governor
Jeb Bush
of Florida
(campaign)
Neurosurgeon
Ben Carson
of Maryland
(campaign)
Governor
Chris Christie
of New Jersey
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Ted Cruz
of Texas
(campaign)
Businesswoman
Carly Fiorina
of California
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Lindsey Graham
of South Carolina
(campaign)
Former Governor
Mike Huckabee
of Arkansas
(campaign)
Governor
Bobby Jindal
of Louisiana
(campaign)
Former Governor
George Pataki
of New York
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Rand Paul
of Kentucky
(campaign)
Former Governor
Rick Perry
of Texas
(campaign)
U.S. Senator
Marco Rubio
of Florida
(campaign)
Former U.S. Senator
Rick Santorum
of Pennsylvania
(campaign)
Businessman
Donald Trump
of New York
(campaign)
Other candidates
The following notable individuals have taken one or both of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy; filed as a candidate with FEC.
Mark Everson, former Commissioner of Internal Revenue, former President of the American Red Cross fromMississippi[62][63][64]
Jack Fellure, retired engineer fromWest Virginia; 2012 Prohibition Partypresidential nominee[65]
Potential candidates
The individuals listed below have been identified by reliable media sources as potential candidates for president in 2016. The individual listed under "Announcement impending" plans to announce his intention to seek the presidency. The individual listed under "Formally exploring a candidacy" has formed a 527 organization to build the groundwork for a possible presidential campaign. As of July 2015, a number of notable potential candidates have each expressed an interest in running for President but have not taken any formal actions.
Announcement impending
John Kasich, Governor of Ohio since 2011; U.S. Representative from Ohio 1983–2001; formed a 527 organization; announcement expected on July 21[66][67]
Formally exploring a candidacy
Scott Walker, Governor of Wisconsinsince 2011; announcement may come the week of July 13; no firm date set[68][69][70]
Publicly expressed interest
Bob Ehrlich, Governor of Maryland2003–2007; U.S. Representative from Maryland 1995–2003[71][72]
Jim Gilmore, Governor of Virginia1998–2002; Chairman of theRepublican National Committee 2001–2002; presidential candidate in2008[73][74]
Peter King, U.S. Representative from New York since 1993[75][76]
Independent and third party candidates
Main article: United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2016
Declared
Individuals included in this section have taken one or more of the following actions: formally announced their candidacy for the presidential nomination of a minor party; formally announced intention to run as anindependent candidate; filed as a minor party or non-affiliated candidate with the FEC (for other than exploratory purposes). Candidates are listed alphabetically by surname.
Declared - independent candidates or candidates without a specified affiliation
Dan Bilzerian, Internet personality[77][78]
Terry Jones, pastor for Dove World Outreach Center from Florida; presidential candidate in 2012,[79][80]
Juaquin James Malphurs (Waka Flocka Flame), rap artist fromGeorgia[81] (Constitutionally ineligible – under age 35)
Vermin Supreme, performance artistand perennial candidate fromMassachusetts[82][83]
Declared - Green Party
Jill Stein, physician and 2012 Green Party presidential nominee fromMassachusetts[84]
Declared - Libertarian Party
Robert David Steele, activist and author[85][86]
Declared - Peace and Freedom Party
Roseanne Barr, entertainer fromHawaii[87]
Declared - Transhumanist Party
Zoltan Istvan, futurist, writer,transhumanist philosopher fromCalifornia; founder of theTranshumanist Party[88][89][90]
Potential candidates
The individuals listed below have been identified by reliable media sources as potential candidates for president in 2016. The individual listed under "Formally exploring a candidacy" has formed an exploratory committee to build the groundwork for a possible presidential campaign. As of July 2015, a number of notable potential candidates have each expressed an interest in running for President but have not taken any formal actions. One notable potential candidates has not publicly expressed interest in running but nevertheless has received media speculation.
Formally exploring a candidacy - Green Party
Darryl Cherney, musician and environmental activist from California; formed an exploratory committee[91][92]
Publicly expressed interest - Green Party
Rosa Clemente, activist, journalist, and 2008 Green Party vice presidential nominee from New York.[93][94]
Publicly expressed interest - Libertarian Party
Gary Johnson, Governor of New Mexico 1995–2003; presidential nominee in 2012[95]
Jesse Ventura, Governor of Minnesota 1999–2003[95][96]
Other potential candidate - Constitution Party
Steve Stockman, U.S. Representative from Texas 1995–1997, 2013–2015; candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014[97][98]
Third party ballot access
The following third parties have each achieved guaranteed ballot access for its nominee in a number of states.
Constitution Party
Main article: Constitution Party (United States)
Ballot Access: Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming – (115 Electoral Votes)[99]
Green Party
Main article: Green Party of the United States
Ballot Access: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Washington D.C., Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin – (296 Electoral Votes)[99][100]
Libertarian Party
Main article: Libertarian Party (United States)
Ballot Access: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming (366 electoral votes)[99]
Potential battleground states
Party conventions
Debates
Polling
See also
References
External links
Read in another language
Wikipedia<sup>®</sup>®
Mobile
Desktop
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0unless otherwise noted.
Terms of Use
Privacy
100 amazing facts about Africa (oldest humans on Earth)
1. The human race is of African origin. The oldest known skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans (or homo sapiens sapiens) were excavated at sites in East Africa. Human remains were discovered at Omo in Ethiopia that were dated at 195,000 years old, the oldest known in the world.
2. Skeletons of pre-humans have been found in Africa that date back between 4 and 5 million years. The oldest known ancestral type of humanity is thought to have been the australopithecus ramidus, who lived at least 4.4 million years ago.
3. Africans were the first to organise fishing expeditions 90,000 years ago. At Katanda, a region in northeastern Zaïre (now Congo), was recovered a finely wrought series of harpoon points, all elaborately polished and barbed. Also uncovered was a tool, equally well crafted, believed to be a dagger. The discoveries suggested the existence of an early aquatic or fishing based culture.
4. Africans were the first to engage in mining 43,000 years ago. In 1964 a hematite mine was found in Swaziland at Bomvu Ridge in the Ngwenya mountain range. Ultimately 300,000 artefacts were recovered including thousands of stone-made mining tools. Adrian Boshier, one of the archaeologists on the site, dated the mine to a staggering 43,200 years old.
5. Africans pioneered basic arithmetic 25,000 years ago. The Ishango bone is a tool handle with notches carved into it found in the Ishango region of Zaïre (now called Congo) near Lake Edward. The bone tool was originally thought to have been over 8,000 years old, but a more sensitive recent dating has given dates of 25,000 years old. On the tool are 3 rows of notches. Row 1 shows three notches carved next to six, four carved next to eight, ten carved next to two fives and finally a seven. The 3 and 6, 4 and 8, and 10 and 5, represent the process of doubling. Row 2 shows eleven notches carved next to twenty-one notches, and nineteen notches carved next to nine notches. This represents 10 + 1, 20 + 1, 20 - 1 and 10 - 1. Finally, Row 3 shows eleven notches, thirteen notches, seventeen notches and nineteen notches. 11, 13, 17 and 19 are the prime numbers between 10 and 20.
6. Africans cultivated crops 12,000 years ago, the first known advances in agriculture. Professor Fred Wendorf discovered that people in Egypt’s Western Desert cultivated crops of barley, capers, chick-peas, dates, legumes, lentils and wheat. Their ancient tools were also recovered. There were grindstones, milling stones, cutting blades, hide scrapers, engraving burins, and mortars and pestles.
7. Africans mummified their dead 9,000 years ago. A mummified infant was found under the Uan Muhuggiag rock shelter in south western Libya. The infant was buried in the foetal position and was mummified using a very sophisticated technique that must have taken hundreds of years to evolve. The technique predates the earliest mummies known in Ancient Egypt by at least 1,000 years. Carbon dating is controversial but the mummy may date from 7438 (±220) BC.
8. Africans carved the world’s first colossal sculpture 7,000 or more years ago. The Great Sphinx of Giza was fashioned with the head of a man combined with the body of a lion. A key and important question raised by this monument was: How old is it? In October 1991 Professor Robert Schoch, a geologist from Boston University, demonstrated that the Sphinx was sculpted between 5000 BC and 7000 BC, dates that he considered conservative.
9. On the 1 March 1979, the New York Times carried an article on its front page also page sixteen that was entitled Nubian Monarchy called Oldest. In this article we were assured that: “Evidence of the oldest recognizable monarchy in human history, preceding the rise of the earliest Egyptian kings by several generations, has been discovered in artifacts from ancient Nubia” (i.e. the territory of the northern Sudan and the southern portion of modern Egypt.)
10. The ancient Egyptians had the same type of tropically adapted skeletal proportions as modern Black Africans. A 2003 paper appeared in American Journal of Physical Anthropology by Dr Sonia Zakrzewski entitled Variation in Ancient Egyptian Stature and Body Proportions where she states that: “The raw values in Table 6 suggest that Egyptians had the ‘super-Negroid’ body plan described by Robins (1983). The values for the brachial and crural indices show that the distal segments of each limb are longer relative to the proximal segments than in many ‘African’ populations.”
11. The ancient Egyptians had Afro combs. One writer tells us that the Egyptians “manufactured a very striking range of combs in ivory: the shape of these is distinctly African and is like the combs used even today by Africans and those of African descent.”
12. The Funerary Complex in the ancient Egyptian city of Saqqara is the oldest building that tourists regularly visit today. An outer wall, now mostly in ruins, surrounded the whole structure. Through the entrance are a series of columns, the first stone-built columns known to historians. The North House also has ornamental columns built into the walls that have papyrus-like capitals. Also inside the complex is the Ceremonial Court, made of limestone blocks that have been quarried and then shaped. In the centre of the complex is the Step Pyramid, the first of 90 Egyptian pyramids.
13. The first Great Pyramid of Giza, the most extraordinary building in history, was a staggering 481 feet tall - the equivalent of a 40-storey building. It was made of 2.3 million blocks of limestone and granite, some weighing 100 tons.
14. The ancient Egyptian city of Kahun was the world’s first planned city. Rectangular and walled, the city was divided into two parts. One part housed the wealthier inhabitants – the scribes, officials and foremen. The other part housed the ordinary people. The streets of the western section in particular, were straight, laid out on a grid, and crossed each other at right angles. A stone gutter, over half a metre wide, ran down the centre of every street.
15. Egyptian mansions were discovered in Kahun - each boasting 70 rooms, divided into four sections or quarters. There was a master’s quarter, quarters for women and servants, quarters for offices and finally, quarters for granaries, each facing a central courtyard. The master’s quarters had an open court with a stone water tank for bathing. Surrounding this was a colonnade.
16 The Labyrinth in the Egyptian city of Hawara with its massive layout, multiple courtyards, chambers and halls, was the very largest building in antiquity. Boasting three thousand rooms, 1,500 of them were above ground and the other 1,500 were underground.
17. Toilets and sewerage systems existed in ancient Egypt. One of the pharaohs built a city now known as Amarna. An American urban planner noted that: “Great importance was attached to cleanliness in Amarna as in other Egyptian cities. Toilets and sewers were in use to dispose waste. Soap was made for washing the body. Perfumes and essences were popular against body odour. A solution of natron was used to keep insects from houses . . . Amarna may have been the first planned ‘garden city’.”
18. Sudan has more pyramids than any other country on earth - even more than Egypt. There are at least 223 pyramids in the Sudanese cities of Al Kurru, Nuri, Gebel Barkal and Meroë. They are generally 20 to 30 metres high and steep sided.
19. The Sudanese city of Meroë is rich in surviving monuments. Becoming the capital of the Kushite Empire between 590 BC until AD 350, there are 84 pyramids in this city alone, many built with their own miniature temple. In addition, there are ruins of a bath house sharing affinities with those of the Romans. Its central feature is a large pool approached by a flight of steps with waterspouts decorated with lion heads.
20. Bling culture has a long and interesting history. Gold was used to decorate ancient Sudanese temples. One writer reported that: “Recent excavations at Meroe and Mussawwarat es-Sufra revealed temples with walls and statues covered with gold leaf”.
21. In around 300 BC, the Sudanese invented a writing script that had twenty-three letters of which four were vowels and there was also a word divider. Hundreds of ancient texts have survived that were in this script. Some are on display in the British Museum.
22. In central Nigeria, West Africa’s oldest civilisation flourished between 1000 BC and 300 BC. Discovered in 1928, the ancient culture was called the Nok Civilisation, named after the village in which the early artefacts were discovered. Two modern scholars, declare that “[a]fter calibration, the period of Nok art spans from 1000 BC until 300 BC”. The site itself is much older going back as early as 4580 or 4290 BC.
23. West Africans built in stone by 1100 BC. In the Tichitt-Walata region of Mauritania, archaeologists have found “large stone masonry villages” that date back to 1100 BC. The villages consisted of roughly circular compounds connected by “well-defined streets”.
24. By 250 BC, the foundations of West Africa’s oldest cities were established such as Old Djenné in Mali.
25. Kumbi Saleh, the capital of Ancient Ghana, flourished from 300 to 1240 AD. Located in modern day Mauritania, archaeological excavations have revealed houses, almost habitable today, for want of renovation and several storeys high. They had underground rooms, staircases and connecting halls. Some had nine rooms. One part of the city alone is estimated to have housed 30,000 people.
26. West Africa had walled towns and cities in the pre-colonial period. Winwood Reade, an English historian visited West Africa in the nineteenth century and commented that: “There are . . . thousands of large walled cities resembling those of Europe in the Middle Ages, or of ancient Greece.”
27. Lord Lugard, an English official, estimated in 1904 that there were 170 walled towns still in existence in the whole of just the Kano province of northern Nigeria.
28. Cheques are not quite as new an invention as we were led to believe. In the tenth century, an Arab geographer, Ibn Haukal, visited a fringe region of Ancient Ghana. Writing in 951 AD, he told of a cheque for 42,000 golden dinars written to a merchant in the city of Audoghast by his partner in Sidjilmessa.
29. Ibn Haukal, writing in 951 AD, informs us that the King of Ghana was “the richest king on the face of the earth” whose pre-eminence was due to the quantity of gold nuggets that had been amassed by the himself and by his predecessors.
30. The Nigerian city of Ile-Ife was paved in 1000 AD on the orders of a female ruler with decorations that originated in Ancient America. Naturally, no-one wants to explain how this took place approximately 500 years before the time of Christopher Columbus!
31. West Africa had bling culture in 1067 AD. One source mentions that when the Emperor of Ghana gives audience to his people: “he sits in a pavilion around which stand his horses caparisoned in cloth of gold: behind him stand ten pages holding shields and gold-mounted swords: and on his right hand are the sons of the princes of his empire, splendidly clad and with gold plaited into their hair . . . The gate of the chamber is guarded by dogs of an excellent breed . . . they wear collars of gold and silver.”
32. Glass windows existed at that time. The residence of the Ghanaian Emperor in 1116 AD was: “A well-built castle, thoroughly fortified, decorated inside with sculptures and pictures, and having glass windows.”
33. The Grand Mosque in the Malian city of Djenné, described as “the largest adobe [clay] building in the world”, was first raised in 1204 AD. It was built on a square plan where each side is 56 metres in length. It has three large towers on one side, each with projecting wooden buttresses.
34. One of the great achievements of the Yoruba was their urban culture. “By the year A.D. 1300,” says a modern scholar, “the Yoruba people built numerous walled cities surrounded by farms”. The cities were Owu, Oyo, Ijebu, Ijesa, Ketu, Popo, Egba, Sabe, Dassa, Egbado, Igbomina, the sixteen Ekiti principalities, Owo and Ondo.
35. Yoruba metal art of the mediaeval period was of world class. One scholar wrote that Yoruba art “would stand comparison with anything which Ancient Egypt, Classical Greece and Rome, or Renaissance Europe had to offer.”
36. In the Malian city of Gao stands the Mausoleum of Askia the Great, a weird sixteenth century edifice that resembles a step pyramid.
37. Thousands of mediaeval tumuli have been found across West Africa. Nearly 7,000 were discovered in north-west Senegal alone spread over nearly 1,500 sites. They were probably built between 1000 and 1300 AD.
38. Excavations at the Malian city of Gao carried out by Cambridge University revealed glass windows. One of the finds was entitled: “Fragments of alabaster window surrounds and a piece of pink window glass, Gao 10th – 14th century.”
39. In 1999 the BBC produced a television series entitled Millennium. The programme devoted to the fourteenth century opens with the following disclosure: “In the fourteenth century, the century of the scythe, natural disasters threatened civilisations with extinction. The Black Death kills more people in Europe, Asia and North Africa than any catastrophe has before. Civilisations which avoid the plague thrive. In West Africa the Empire of Mali becomes the richest in the world.”
40. Malian sailors got to America in 1311 AD, 181 years before Columbus. An Egyptian scholar, Ibn Fadl Al-Umari, published on this sometime around 1342. In the tenth chapter of his book, there is an account of two large maritime voyages ordered by the predecessor of Mansa Musa, a king who inherited the Malian throne in 1312. This mariner king is not named by Al-Umari, but modern writers identify him as Mansa Abubakari II.
41. On a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 AD, a Malian ruler, Mansa Musa, brought so much money with him that his visit resulted in the collapse of gold prices in Egypt and Arabia. It took twelve years for the economies of the region to normalise.
42. West African gold mining took place on a vast scale. One modern writer said that: “It is estimated that the total amount of gold mined in West Africa up to 1500 was 3,500 tons, worth more than $30 billion in today’s market.”
43. The old Malian capital of Niani had a 14th century building called the Hall of Audience. It was an surmounted by a dome, adorned with arabesques of striking colours. The windows of an upper floor were plated with wood and framed in silver; those of a lower floor were plated with wood, framed in gold.
44. Mali in the 14th century was highly urbanised. Sergio Domian, an Italian art and architecture scholar, wrote the following about this period: “Thus was laid the foundation of an urban civilisation. At the height of its power, Mali had at least 400 cities, and the interior of the Niger Delta was very densely populated”.
45. The Malian city of Timbuktu had a 14th century population of 115,000 - 5 times larger than mediaeval London. Mansa Musa, built the Djinguerebere Mosque in the fourteenth century. There was the University Mosque in which 25,000 students studied and the Oratory of Sidi Yayia. There were over 150 Koran schools in which 20,000 children were instructed. London, by contrast, had a total 14th century population of 20,000 people.
46. National Geographic recently described Timbuktu as the Paris of the mediaeval world, on account of its intellectual culture. According to Professor Henry Louis Gates, 25,000 university students studied there.
47. Many old West African families have private library collections that go back hundreds of years. The Mauritanian cities of Chinguetti and Oudane have a total of 3,450 hand written mediaeval books. There may be another 6,000 books still surviving in the other city of Walata. Some date back to the 8th century AD. There are 11,000 books in private collections in Niger. Finally, in Timbuktu, Mali, there are about 700,000 surviving books.
48. A collection of one thousand six hundred books was considered a small library for a West African scholar of the 16th century. Professor Ahmed Baba of Timbuktu is recorded as saying that he had the smallest library of any of his friends - he had only 1600 volumes.
49. Concerning these old manuscripts, Michael Palin, in his TV series Sahara, said the imam of Timbuktu “has a collection of scientific texts that clearly show the planets circling the sun. They date back hundreds of years . . . Its convincing evidence that the scholars of Timbuktu knew a lot more than their counterparts in Europe. In the fifteenth century in Timbuktu the mathematicians knew about the rotation of the planets, knew about the details of the eclipse, they knew things which we had to wait for 150 almost 200 years to know in Europe when Galileo and Copernicus came up with these same calculations and were given a very hard time for it.”
50. The Songhai Empire of 16th century West Africa had a government position called Minister for Etiquette and Protocol.
51. The mediaeval Nigerian city of Benin was built to “a scale comparable with the Great Wall of China”. There was a vast system of defensive walling totalling 10,000 miles in all. Even before the full extent of the city walling had become apparent the Guinness Book of Records carried an entry in the 1974 edition that described the city as: “The largest earthworks in the world carried out prior to the mechanical era.”
52. Benin art of the Middle Ages was of the highest quality. An official of the Berlin Museum für Völkerkunde once stated that: “These works from Benin are equal to the very finest examples of European casting technique. Benvenuto Cellini could not have cast them better, nor could anyone else before or after him . . . Technically, these bronzes represent the very highest possible achievement.”
53. Winwood Reade described his visit to the Ashanti Royal Palace of Kumasi in 1874: “We went to the king’s palace, which consists of many courtyards, each surrounded with alcoves and verandahs, and having two gates or doors, so that each yard was a thoroughfare . . . But the part of the palace fronting the street was a stone house, Moorish in its style . . . with a flat roof and a parapet, and suites of apartments on the first floor. It was built by Fanti masons many years ago. The rooms upstairs remind me of Wardour Street. Each was a perfect Old Curiosity Shop. Books in many languages, Bohemian glass, clocks, silver plate, old furniture, Persian rugs, Kidderminster carpets, pictures and engravings, numberless chests and coffers. A sword bearing the inscription From Queen Victoria to the King of Ashantee. A copy of the Times, 17 October 1843. With these were many specimens of Moorish and Ashanti handicraft.”
54. In the mid-nineteenth century, William Clarke, an English visitor to Nigeria, remarked that: “As good an article of cloth can be woven by the Yoruba weavers as by any people . . . in durability, their cloths far excel the prints and home-spuns of Manchester.”
55. The recently discovered 9th century Nigerian city of Eredo was found to be surrounded by a wall that was 100 miles long and seventy feet high in places. The internal area was a staggering 400 square miles.
56. On the subject of cloth, Kongolese textiles were also distinguished. Various European writers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries wrote of the delicate crafts of the peoples living in eastern Kongo and adjacent regions who manufactured damasks, sarcenets, satins, taffeta, cloth of tissue and velvet. Professor DeGraft-Johnson made the curious observation that: “Their brocades, both high and low, were far more valuable than the Italian.”
57. On Kongolese metallurgy of the Middle Ages, one modern scholar wrote that: “There is no doubting . . . the existence of an expert metallurgical art in the ancient Kongo . . . The Bakongo were aware of the toxicity of lead vapours. They devised preventative and curative methods, both pharmacological (massive doses of pawpaw and palm oil) and mechanical (exerting of pressure to free the digestive tract), for combating lead poisoning.”
58. In Nigeria, the royal palace in the city of Kano dates back to the fifteenth century. Begun by Muhammad Rumfa (ruled 1463-99) it has gradually evolved over generations into a very imposing complex. A colonial report of the city from 1902, described it as “a network of buildings covering an area of 33 acres and surrounded by a wall 20 to 30 feet high outside and 15 feet inside . . . in itself no mean citadel”.
59. A sixteenth century traveller visited the central African civilisation of Kanem-Borno and commented that the emperor’s cavalry had golden “stirrups, spurs, bits and buckles.” Even the ruler’s dogs had “chains of the finest gold”.
60. One of the government positions in mediaeval Kanem-Borno was Astronomer Royal.
61. Ngazargamu, the capital city of Kanem-Borno, became one of the largest cities in the seventeenth century world. By 1658 AD, the metropolis, according to an architectural scholar housed “about quarter of a million people”. It had 660 streets. Many were wide and unbending, reflective of town planning.
62. The Nigerian city of Surame flourished in the sixteenth century. Even in ruin it was an impressive sight, built on a horizontal vertical grid. A modern scholar describes it thus: “The walls of Surame are about 10 miles in circumference and include many large bastions or walled suburbs running out at right angles to the main wall. The large compound at Kanta is still visible in the centre, with ruins of many buildings, one of which is said to have been two-storied. The striking feature of the walls and whole ruins is the extensive use of stone and tsokuwa (laterite gravel) or very hard red building mud, evidently brought from a distance. There is a big mound of this near the north gate about 8 feet in height. The walls show regular courses of masonry to a height of 20 feet and more in several places. The best preserved portion is that known as sirati (the bridge) a little north of the eastern gate . . . The main city walls here appear to have provided a very strongly guarded entrance about 30 feet wide.”
63. The Nigerian city of Kano in 1851 produced an estimated 10 million pairs of sandals and 5 million hides each year for export.
64. In 1246 AD Dunama II of Kanem-Borno exchanged embassies with Al-Mustansir, the king of Tunis. He sent the North African court a costly present, which apparently included a giraffe. An old chronicle noted that the rare animal “created a sensation in Tunis”.
65. By the third century BC the city of Carthage on the coast of Tunisia was opulent and impressive. It had a population of 700,000 and may even have approached a million. Lining both sides of three streets were rows of tall houses six storeys high.
66. The Ethiopian city of Axum has a series of 7 giant obelisks that date from perhaps 300 BC to 300 AD. They have details carved into them that represent windows and doorways of several storeys. The largest obelisk, now fallen, is in fact “the largest monolith ever made anywhere in the world”. It is 108 feet long, weighs a staggering 500 tons, and represents a thirteen-storey building.
67. Ethiopia minted its own coins over 1,500 years ago. One scholar wrote that: “Almost no other contemporary state anywhere in the world could issue in gold, a statement of sovereignty achieved only by Rome, Persia, and the Kushan kingdom in northern India at the time.”
68. The Ethiopian script of the 4th century AD influenced the writing script of Armenia. A Russian historian noted that: “Soon after its creation, the Ethiopic vocalised script began to influence the scripts of Armenia and Georgia. D. A. Olderogge suggested that Mesrop Mashtotz used the vocalised Ethiopic script when he invented the Armenian alphabet.”
69. “In the first half of the first millennium CE,” says a modern scholar, Ethiopia “was ranked as one of the world’s greatest empires”. A Persian cleric of the third century AD identified it as the third most important state in the world after Persia and Rome.
70. Ethiopia has 11 underground mediaeval churches built by being carved out of the ground. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries AD, Roha became the new capital of the Ethiopians. Conceived as a New Jerusalem by its founder, Emperor Lalibela (c.1150-1230), it contains 11 churches, all carved out of the rock of the mountains by hammer and chisel. All of the temples were carved to a depth of 11 metres or so below ground level. The largest is the House of the Redeemer, a staggering 33.7 metres long, 23.7 metres wide and 11.5 metres deep.
71. Lalibela is not the only place in Ethiopia to have such wonders. A cotemporary archaeologist reports research that was conducted in the region in the early 1970’s when: “startling numbers of churches built in caves or partially or completely cut from the living rock were revealed not only in Tigre and Lalibela but as far south as Addis Ababa. Soon at least 1,500 were known. At least as many more probably await revelation.”
72. In 1209 AD Emperor Lalibela of Ethiopia sent an embassy to Cairo bringing the sultan unusual gifts including an elephant, a hyena, a zebra, and a giraffe.
73. In Southern Africa, there are at least 600 stone built ruins in the regions of Zimbabwe, Mozambique and South Africa. These ruins are called Mazimbabwe in Shona, the Bantu language of the builders, and means great revered house and “signifies court”.
74. The Great Zimbabwe was the largest of these ruins. It consists of 12 clusters of buildings, spread over 3 square miles. Its outer walls were made from 100,000 tons of granite bricks. In the fourteenth century, the city housed 18,000 people, comparable in size to that of London of the same period.
75. Bling culture existed in this region. At the time of our last visit, the Horniman Museum in London had exhibits of headrests with the caption: “Headrests have been used in Africa since the time of the Egyptian pharaohs. Remains of some headrests, once covered in gold foil, have been found in the ruins of Great Zimbabwe and burial sites like Mapungubwe dating to the twelfth century after Christ.”
76. Dr Albert Churchward, author of Signs and Symbols of Primordial Man, pointed out that writing was found in one of the stone built ruins: “Lt.-Col. E. L. de Cordes . . . who was in South Africa for three years, informed the writer that in one of the ‘Ruins’ there is a ‘stone-chamber,’ with a vast quantity of Papyri, covered with old Egyptian hieroglyphics. A Boer hunter discovered this, and a large quantity was used to light a fire with, and yet still a larger quantity remained there now.”
77. On bling culture, one seventeenth century visitor to southern African empire of Monomotapa, that ruled over this vast region, wrote that: “The people dress in various ways: at court of the Kings their grandees wear cloths of rich silk, damask, satin, gold and silk cloth; these are three widths of satin, each width four covados [2.64m], each sewn to the next, sometimes with gold lace in between, trimmed on two sides, like a carpet, with a gold and silk fringe, sewn in place with a two fingers’ wide ribbon, woven with gold roses on silk.”
78. Southern Africans mined gold on an epic scale. One modern writer tells us that: “The estimated amount of gold ore mined from the entire region by the ancients was staggering, exceeding 43 million tons. The ore yielded nearly 700 tons of pure gold which today would be valued at over $7.5 billion.”
79. Apparently the Monomotapan royal palace at Mount Fura had chandeliers hanging from the ceiling. An eighteenth century geography book provided the following data: “The inside consists of a great variety of sumptuous apartments, spacious and lofty halls, all adorned with a magnificent cotton tapestry, the manufacture of the country. The floors, cielings [sic], beams and rafters are all either gilt or plated with gold curiously wrought, as are also the chairs of state, tables, benches &c. The candle-sticks and branches are made of ivory inlaid with gold, and hang from the cieling by chains of the same metal, or of silver gilt.”
80. Monomotapa had a social welfare system. Antonio Bocarro, a Portuguese contemporary, informs us that the Emperor: “shows great charity to the blind and maimed, for these are called the king’s poor, and have land and revenues for their subsistence, and when they wish to pass through the kingdoms, wherever they come food and drinks are given to them at the public cost as long as they remain there, and when they leave that place to go to another they are provided with what is necessary for their journey, and a guide, and some one to carry their wallet to the next village. In every place where they come there is the same obligation.”
81. Many southern Africans have indigenous and pre-colonial words for ‘gun’. Scholars have generally been reluctant to investigate or explain this fact.
82. Evidence discovered in 1978 showed that East Africans were making steel for more than 1,500 years: “Assistant Professor of Anthropology Peter Schmidt and Professor of Engineering Donald H. Avery have found as long as 2,000 years ago Africans living on the western shores of Lake Victoria had produced carbon steel in preheated forced draft furnaces, a method that was technologically more sophisticated than any developed in Europe until the mid-nineteenth century.”
83. Ruins of a 300 BC astronomical observatory was found at Namoratunga in Kenya. Africans were mapping the movements of stars such as Triangulum, Aldebaran, Bellatrix, Central Orion, etcetera, as well as the moon, in order to create a lunar calendar of 354 days.
84. Autopsies and caesarean operations were routinely and effectively carried out by surgeons in pre-colonial Uganda. The surgeons routinely used antiseptics, anaesthetics and cautery iron. Commenting on a Ugandan caesarean operation that appeared in the Edinburgh Medical Journal in 1884, one author wrote: “The whole conduct of the operation . . . suggests a skilled long-practiced surgical team at work conducting a well-tried and familiar operation with smooth efficiency.”
85. Sudan in the mediaeval period had churches, cathedrals, monasteries and castles. Their ruins still exist today.
86. The mediaeval Nubian Kingdoms kept archives. From the site of Qasr Ibrim legal texts, documents and correspondence were discovered. An archaeologist informs us that: “On the site are preserved thousands of documents in Meroitic, Latin, Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Arabic and Turkish.”
87. Glass windows existed in mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found evidence of window glass at the Sudanese cities of Old Dongola and Hambukol.
88. Bling culture existed in the mediaeval Sudan. Archaeologists found an individual buried at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in the city of Old Dongola. He was clad in an extremely elaborate garb consisting of costly textiles of various fabrics including gold thread. At the city of Soba East, there were individuals buried in fine clothing, including items with golden thread.
89. Style and fashion existed in mediaeval Sudan. A dignitary at Jebel Adda in the late thirteenth century AD was interned with a long coat of red and yellow patterned damask folded over his body. Underneath, he wore plain cotton trousers of long and baggy cut. A pair of red leather slippers with turned up toes lay at the foot of the coffin. The body was wrapped in enormous pieces of gold brocaded striped silk.
90. Sudan in the ninth century AD had housing complexes with bath rooms and piped water. An archaeologist wrote that Old Dongola, the capital of Makuria, had: “a[n] . . . eighth to . . . ninth century housing complex. The houses discovered here differ in their hitherto unencountered spatial layout as well as their functional programme (water supply installation, bathroom with heating system) and interiors decorated with murals.”
91. In 619 AD, the Nubians sent a gift of a giraffe to the Persians.
92. The East Coast, from Somalia to Mozambique, has ruins of well over 50 towns and cities. They flourished from the ninth to the sixteenth centuries AD.
93. Chinese records of the fifteenth century AD note that Mogadishu had houses of “four or five storeys high”.
94. Gedi, near the coast of Kenya, is one of the East African ghost towns. Its ruins, dating from the fourteenth or fifteenth centuries, include the city walls, the palace, private houses, the Great Mosque, seven smaller mosques, and three pillar tombs.
95. The ruined mosque in the Kenyan city of Gedi had a water purifier made of limestone for recycling water.
96. The palace in the Kenyan city of Gedi contains evidence of piped water controlled by taps. In addition it had bathrooms and indoor toilets.
97. A visitor in 1331 AD considered the Tanzanian city of Kilwa to be of world class. He wrote that it was the “principal city on the coast the greater part of whose inhabitants are Zanj of very black complexion.” Later on he says that: “Kilwa is one of the most beautiful and well-constructed cities in the world. The whole of it is elegantly built.”
98. Bling culture existed in early Tanzania. A Portuguese chronicler of the sixteenth century wrote that: “[T]hey are finely clad in many rich garments of gold and silk and cotton, and the women as well; also with much gold and silver chains and bracelets, which they wear on their legs and arms, and many jewelled earrings in their ears”.
99. In 1961 a British archaeologist, found the ruins of Husuni Kubwa, the royal palace of the Tanzanian city of Kilwa. It had over a hundred rooms, including a reception hall, galleries, courtyards, terraces and an octagonal swimming pool.
100. In 1414 the Kenyan city of Malindi sent ambassadors to China carrying a gift that created a sensation at the Imperial Court. It was, of course, a giraffe
Africa penguins!!!!!! The are real
The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), also known as the jackass penguin and black-footed penguin is a species of penguin, confined to southern African waters. It is also widely known as the "jackass" penguin for its donkey-like bray, although several related species of South American penguins produce the same sound. Like all extant penguins it is flightless, with a streamlined body, and wings stiffened and flattened into flippers for a marine habitat. Adults weigh on average 2.2–3.5 kg (4.9–7.7 lb) and are 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tall. It has distinctive pink patches of skin above the eyes and a black facial mask; the body upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts, which are spotted and marked with a black band. This pink gland above their eyes helps them to cope with changing temperatures. When the temperature gets hotter, the body of the African penguin sends more blood to these glands to be cooled by the air surrounding it. This then causes the gland to turn a darker shade of pink.[2]
The African penguin is a pursuit diver and feeds primarily on fish and squid. Once extremely numerous, the African penguin is declining due to a combination of threats and is classified as endangered. It is a charismatic species and is popular with tourists.
Sunday, July 5, 2015
Why should black people stop buying Jordan's!!!!!!!!
Michael Jordan is now the newest BILLIONAIRE and according to Forbes this new billion dollar fortune is not due to hisJordan sneaker line or his investments in private prisons.. In fact Forbes claims that Jordan’s new wealth is courtesy of his increased stakes in the Charlotte Bobcats. Forbes originally pegged Jordan’s annual earnings at $90 million and his net worth at $750 million earlier this year. But has now learned that the ex NBA player has increased his stake in the Charlotte Bobcats team to 89.5% from 80% during the past several months.
Saturday, July 4, 2015
Why you should NEVER wash Raw Chicken
You may naturally rinse or wash raw chicken before you cook it, but did you know that washing raw chicken can actually be hazardous to your health? here's how...
Most people are aware of Salmonella and the risk of food poisoning associated with it, but salmonella isn't the threat we're about to discuss. The threat that we want to bring to your attention is called 'campylobacter' - the most commonly contracted form of food poisoning in the UK, which affects approximately 280,000 people every single year. Enough of a threat that the FSA (Food Safety Agency) has issued an urgent warning to STOP Washing Chicken.
Unfortunately, this bacteria is not limited geographically to the United Kingdom, it's quite prevalent in the United States as well and is one of the most common forms of food poisoning, the USA estimates that more than 2 MILLION people are affected by Campylobacter each year.
Studies have shown that 44% of the population washes raw chicken prior to cooking, thereby risking the spread of of campylobacter bacteria on multiple surfaces (hands, clothing, cooking utensils, counter tops and more) via splashing droplets of water.
Common symptoms of campylobacter poisoning include abdominal pain, severe diarrhea (often bloody), vomiting, irritable bowel syndrome, reactive arthritis, as well as a serious condition of the nervous system known as Guillain-Barré syndrome.
The center for disease control estimates that approximately one in every 1,000 reported Campylobacter illnesses leads to Guillain-Barré syndrome. As many as 40% of Guillain-Barré syndrome cases in this country (USA) may be triggered by campylobacteriosis.
The Naked Truth
A single drop of juice from raw poultry can have enough Campylobacter in it to infect a person! The National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NAMRS) reported that Campylobacter was found on 47% of raw chicken samples bought in grocery stores tested POSITIVE for Campylobacter. Be aware that in addition to raw meat, the bacteria can also be present in the giblets, especially the liver.
The theory, according to the CDC and the Food Safety Agency is that approximately 50% of all raw poultry contains Campylobacter bacteria - when people wash it they inevitably spread the bacteria from the raw chicken to nearby surfaces when water droplets bounce off the raw poultry, thereby contaminating the surfaces (including counters, cutting boards, utensils, hands, arms, clothing, etc).
Since most people don't bleach the area, or they tend to wipe the area with a clean cloth, (rather than using hot soapy water), the bacteria are rapidly spread to other surfaces, where they multiply and cause cross contamination. 
Thursday, July 2, 2015
30 Albert Einstein Quotes That Will Blow Your Mind Wide Open
Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist and among the most profound thinkers of the 20th century. He engineered the theory of general relativity and special relativity, and after winning the Nobel prize in 1921, Einstein was clearly solidified as one of the most influential people ever. He isn’t known only for his great mind or scientific accomplishments, but the man was also wise beyond his years, even in older age, and was insightful, philosophical, and witty at the same time. He was remarkably well rounded and his brilliance has left its mark. These are some of our favorite quotes of his that demonstrate that brilliance quite well.
Enjoy.
1. “Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution.”
2. “Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds. The mediocre mind is incapable of understanding the man who refuses to bow blindly to conventional prejudices and chooses instead to express his opinions courageously and honestly.”
3. “Human knowledge and skills alone cannot lead humanity to a happy and dignified life. Humanity has every reason to place the proclaimers of high moral standards and values above the discoverers of objective truth.”
4. “Few people are capable of expressing with equanimity opinions which differ from the prejudices of their social environment. Most people are even incapable of forming such opinions.”
5. “I, at any rate, am convinced that He (God) does not throw dice.”
6. “The important thing is not to stop questioning; curiosity has its own reason for existing.”
7. “Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.”
8. “Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I’m not sure about the universe.”
9. “Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do— but gravitation cannot be held responsible for it.”
10. “The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion that stands at the cradle of true art and true science.”
11. “Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.”
12. “Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value”
13. “The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources.”
14. “The difference between genius and stupidity is that genius has its limits.”
15. “Weakness of attitude becomes weakness of character.”
16. “Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas.”
17. “Nature shows us only the tail of the lion. But I do not doubt that the lion belongs to it even though he cannot at once reveal himself because of his enormous size.”
18. “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.”
19. “It’s not that I’m so smart, it’s just that I stay with problems longer.”
20. “My religion consists of a humble admiration of the illimitable superior spirit who reveals himself in the slight details we are able to perceive with our frail and feeble mind.”
21. “Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding.”
22. “I never think of the future. It comes soon enough.”
23. “Do not worry about your difficulties in mathematics, I can assure you that mine are all greater”
24. “In order to form an immaculate member of a flock of sheep one must, above all, be a sheep.”
25. “The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible.”
26. “Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one.”
27. “Truth is what stands the test of experience.”
28. “Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving”
29. “Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.”
30. “Common sense is nothing more than a deposit of prejudices laid down by the mind before you reach eighteen.”
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